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Scope of International Commercial Arbitration

An arbitration or conciliation agreement is international if any of the seven specifies instances applies

By Chris Micheli, February 14, 2026 2:30 am

Part 3, Title 9.3, Chapter 1, Article 1 deals with the scope of application and interpretation of arbitration and conciliation of international commercial disputes.

Section 1297.11 states that this title applies to international commercial arbitration and conciliation, subject to any agreement which is in force between the United States and any other state or states.

Section 1297.13 provides that an arbitration or conciliation agreement is international if any of the seven specifies instances applies.

Section 1297.14 states that, if a party has more than one place of business, the place of business is that which has the closest relationship to the arbitration agreement, and if a party does not have a place of business, reference is to be made to his habitual residence.

Section 1297.16 specifies that an arbitration or conciliation agreement is commercial if it arises out of a relationship of a commercial nature including any of the eighteen specified activities.

Section 1297.17 explains that this title does not affect any other law in force in California by virtue of which certain disputes may not be submitted to arbitration or may be submitted to arbitration only in accordance with provisions other than those of this title.

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