California’s Executive Branch and Administrative Agencies

The executive branch of California’s state government is set forth in Article V of the state constitution and is one of the three branches of state government, just like at the federal level. The major distinction is that the state has a governor and the federal government has a president. In both instances, however, they serve as the chief executive.

The following are the key provisions found in Article V affecting the Governor and his or her administration.

Section 1 vests the executive power in the Governor.

Section 2 provides that the Governor is elected every four years and must be a United States citizen and a resident of California for the past five years.

Section 3 requires the Governor to report to the Legislature each year on the condition of the State, usually referred to as the “State of the State” speech.

Section 4 provides the Governor can require officers and agencies to furnish information related to their duties.

Section 5 allows the Governor to fill a constitutional office vacancy by appointment, subject to confirmation by both the Assembly and Senate.

Section 6 authorizes a statute to allow the Governor to reorganize functions among state agencies other than the remaining constitutional offices (which are known as “Governor’s Reorganization Plans – GRPs”).

Section 7 provides that the Governor is the commander in chief of the militia and may call upon it to execute the laws of the state.

Section 8 provides the Governor authority to grant a reprieve, pardon and commutation, except for cases of impeachment.

Section 9 requires the Lieutenant Governor to have the same qualifications as the Governor. The Lieutenant Governor is the President of the Senate, but may only cast a vote on a tie.

Section 10 provides the Lieutenant Governor will become Governor when a vacancy occurs. He or she shall act as Governor during an impeachment, when the Governor is out of state, or the Governor has a temporary disability.

Section 11 provides that the Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Controller, Secretary of State, and Treasurer are elected at the same time as the Governor and are limited to 2 terms in office.

Section 13 provides that the Attorney General is the chief law officer of the state and it is his or her duty to uniformly and adequately enforce the laws of the state.

Section 14 provides that no state officer shall knowingly receive any salary, wages, commissions, or other earned income from a lobbyist or a lobbying firm. No state officer may accept any honorarium. The Legislature is required to enact laws that ban or strictly limit accepting a gift that would create a conflict of interest. The Legislature is required to enact laws that prohibit state officers, agency secretaries and department directors from lobbying the executive branch for 12 months after leaving office.

The executive branch of state government essentially has three levels:

• “Plural executives” – these are the nine constitutional offices that are elected statewide by the voters every four years.
• Independent agencies – these are the entities that, even though they may have appointees by the governor, serve independently from direct influence by the chief executive, such as the University of California, which is set forth in the state constitution and whose regents serve 12-year terms.
• “Line agencies” – these are the state agencies that report directly to the Governor, whose appointees are subject to a direct line of authority from the Governor’s Office and are appointed by him or her.

In terms of the line agencies, there are four types of entities in California state government: agency; department; board; and, commission. The agencies are the highest level, who are headed by an agency secretary appointed by the governor and who serve as members of the governor’s cabinet. These agencies also have a second-in-command, called the undersecretary, as well as deputy secretaries, all of whom are political appointees by the governor.

Under these agencies are numerous departments, all of whom are headed by a department director. These directors are supported by a chief deputy director and usually several deputy directors, all of whom are also political appointees by the governor. Just like the agency appointees, the department appointees are political appointees and are subject to confirmation by the state senate.

The boards and commissions are usually headed by an executive officer or board, all of whom are political appointees by the governor. These individuals usually report to a particular department and are usually subject to confirmation by the state senate.

In most instances, these agencies, departments, boards, and commissions have rulemaking authority. In fact, there are over 200 of them in state government. And they often have enforcement authority over the individuals or entities that they regulate, with great diversity, such as funeral directors to barbers and cosmetologists. They also wield enormous influence in multiple ways and they often play the significant role by interpreting and applying the laws of the state.

Like its federal counterpart, the executive branch of government is one of three, co-equal branches and this branch is essentially in charge of “running the government” through these multitude of entities, beginning with agencies.

Administrative Agencies

California’s administrative agencies play a key role in state government and in public policy development. These entities enjoy quasi-legislative (i.e., the authority to adopt regulations – or laws – similar to the legislative branch of government, often called rulemaking authority) and quasi-judicial (i.e., the authority to interpret laws similar to a court) powers. These state entities also formulate and influence state policies and legislation by administering the laws adopted by the Legislature and executive orders promulgated by the Governor.

As a result, administrative agencies of state government are often important players in public policy development in this state. For example, by influencing pending legislation that impacts their jurisdiction (such as air quality by the California Air Resources Board), interest groups, the Legislature, and the Governor are impacted by their views on bills. These also interpret statutes, enforce laws, and adopt regulations to implement those laws.

Because they are a part of the executive branch of government, these entities are generally responsible to the Governor, but they also play an important role in advising the governor and his or her staff on pending legislation, the state budget, and related public policy issues. As such, those engaged in developing public policy must engage with these administrative agencies.

As a result of that input to the Governor, legislators and interest groups must consider the views of these agencies and departments when considering legislation and the pros and cons of particular bills and issues. The recommendations of state administrative agencies, just like their federal counterparts, carry great weight with the Governor and his or her staff when making decisions.

The regulated community must also pay close attention to the work of these state agencies, departments, boards, and commissions. They all have general or specific rulemaking authority, which means they can add, amend or repeal regulations that impact those regulated by them, such as nurses by the State Nursing Board or agricultural companies that spray their crops by the Department of Pesticide Regulation. Many of these state entities also enjoy enforcement power over those that they regulate.

By having enforcement power, these state entities can enforce the statutes and regulations governing the conduct of those they regulate. This means that these state entities can investigate a company and cite or fine them for a violation or suspend their license to conduct business in the state. This enforcement power is very important and means that these state entities are influential naturally with the regulated community that they oversee.

Whether conducting investigations, enforcing or interpreting the laws, state administrative agencies are a crucial player in state government and they wield enormous power with a myriad of different entities in and out of state government. As a result, their role in state government cannot be overlooked.